LL_GF_MATHMOD_feb_2009
 Liu, L.; Frey, G.:
Efficient Simulation of Hybrid Control Systems  in MODELICA/DYMOLA,
Proceedings of the 6th Vienna  International Conference on Mathematical Modelling         (MATHMOD 2009), Vienna, Austria, pp. 1344-1352, February 11 -  13, 2009. 
Abstract:
 Though systems with mixed discrete/continuous behaviors can be handled  by proper hybrid simulation tools, the efficiency of simulation is often not satisfactory. The performance of simulation is  affected by various system properties such as the frequency of events, the number of continuous state variables, etc. In  an ordinary modeling and simulation approach, the hybrid sys-tem is considered as a whole thus every local event has  global effects.  I.e. An event triggered by any element of the system causes the  numerical solver to detect the event and recalculate all   state variables. This works well if the discrete event logic couples  tightly with continuous behavior evo-lution.   A tight coupling means that the discrete event sub-system governs the  whole system and all its events necessarily trigger    the switch of equation system or stop/restart of the numerical  solver. However, in case of a loose coupling,    i.e. not all the events from the discrete event sub-system are  relevant to the continuous sub-system,     this approach is excessively expensive. This paper gives a general  approach to achieve more efficient simulations of hybrid systems with loose coupling, es-pecially for stiff systems  such as the Networked Control/Automation Systems (NCS/NAS)  in which different system components have strongly distinguished  temporal characteristics. Advan-tages of this approach are   demonstrated using the simulation tool Modelica/Dymola. 
Keywords: Modelica, Hybrid Control System, Efficient Simulation